PORTEFEUILLE

The increasing burden of climate change and resource depletion is leading society to rethink our largely fossil-based chemical industry. Given that most of our chemicals are made from carbon, renewable solutions are likely to come from the only two large sources of renewable carbon on the planet: atmospheric carbon dioxide and plants. However, technologies to convert carbon dioxide are still far from practical, while the lack of cost-competitive solutions has limited the implementation of plant-based products. New breakthrough methods to valorize molecules from natural materials, such as wood or agricultural side-streams in general, will therefore play a central role in promoting the switch to bio-based feedstocks. 
In terrestrial plants, "lignin" - the second largest biopolymer on earth after cellulose and the largest natural source of aromatic molecules - has evolved to provide a range of functions to the plant. Beyond its main function, which is to provide structural cohesion to counter gravity, lignin protects the plant cell from environmental stresses, such as UV light, bacterial and fungal contamination or oxidative agents. These properties are given by well defined bioactive internal structural motifs, that only have only recently begun to be understood and that could potentially hold tremendous value for the nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industry. 
Yet today, there are no industrial methods able to extract these naturally occurring molecules. The reasons is that lignin is a very reactive polymer that has a strong propensity to aggregate (condense), making the isolation of those structural motifs impossible. The Laboratory of Catalytic and Sustainable Processing (LPDC) has recently developed and scaled the ground-breaking Aldehyde-Assisted Fractionation (AAF) method that prevents undesired aggregation reactions of the polymer, opening the door to the first large scale production of these bio-active molecules.[1]
The present project will investigate the selective depolymerisation of lignin into bio-active motifs and characterize the composition of the products. Partners will support this work with piloting facilities and using various depolymerisation methods. Overall, the endeavour aims at developing the first cost-competitive biorefining concept able to serve a range of confirmed markets, including fragrances, cosmetics, micro- fibrillated cellulose as well as the nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries. The successful identification and production of bio-active molecules will have a game-changing impact on the process cost- competitiveness and allow much smaller production units to be commercially viable, thereby significantly reducing the time to market for biorefining technologies, like the one developed here. 

The project has the potential to disrupt the viability of the biorefinery concepts. Given the importance of sustainable, fossil-free materials going forward, it is of foremost importance to develop processes that gain rapid market acceptance. This is only possible if the prices are matching current petroleum-derived products. The Intellectual Property in high-value applications, such as bioactive molecule, aim at strengthening the techno-economics of the current process and accelerate market entry. Furthermore, Series A investment will be more attractive if high returns generated by bioactive molecules are in the pipeline. 

Aldehyde-Assisted Fractionnation (AAF) process has already been tested at pilot scale (250L) and the performances at scale have been validated. More than 200kg of wood have been pretreated using the AAF method and over 20kg of lignin have been depolymerized. This represent, to our knowledge, the largest single campaign of lignin monomers ever produced. These products can now be used to prepare and develop markets together with industrial partners who are actively looking for sustainable alternatives to their largely fossil-based product portfolio.
In this project, antioxidant properties have been identified on AAF lignin materials, and these compounds are now developed and modified to yield high-performance and high-value. The target markets are fragrances, cosmetics, anti-UV, stabilizers, plastics, resins or pharmaceuticals. EPFL has granted an exclusive license to the technology to Bloom Biorenewables SA, a spin-off created by employees of the laboratory. Over the past two years, Bloom established a strong network of academic and industrial partners in Switzerland and accros Europe to develop new bio-based applications. Overall, the team raised >€7 M (€ 0.5 + € 3.9 M + € 2.5 M), partially from non-dilutive R&D and technology transfer grants. A successful outcome of this project will contribute to Bloom’s ambition to build a demonstration unit in Q2 2023.
The team is now working on the kg scale and able to produce 1kg samples for customer pilots. The lignin is currently being tested in customer pilots and lignin derived materials are being modified to improve performance.

Bertella S, Bernardes Figueirêdo M, De Angelis G, Mourez M, Bourmaud C, Amstad E, Luterbacher JS. ChemSusChem. 2022, Extraction and Surfactant Properties of Glyoxylic Acid-Functionalized Lignin.
YM Questell-Santiago, MV Galkin, K Barta, JS Luterbacher, Nature Reviews Chemistry, 2020, Stabilization strategies in biomass depolymerization using chemical functionalization;
S Bertella, JS Luterbacher Trends in Chemistry, CellPress, 2020, Lignin Functionalization for the Production of Novel Materials;
MT Amiri, GR Dick, YM Questell-Santiago, JS Luterbacher Nature protocols 14 (3), 921-954, 2019 Fractionation of lignocellulosic biomass to produce uncondensed aldehyde-stabilized lignin;
W Lan, JB de Bueren, JS Luterbacher Angewandte Chemie International Edition 58 (9), 2649-2654, 2019, Highly Selective Oxidation and Depolymerization of , Diol Protected Lignin;
F. Héroguel, X. T. Nguyen, J. S. Luterbacher. ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. 2019, 7, 16952 16958. Catalyst Support and Solvent Effects during Lignin Depolymerization and Hydrodeoxygenation.
Richard Vendamme, Jean Behaghel de Bueren et al., ACS Biomac. 2020 Oct 12;21(10):4135-4148, Aldehyde-Assisted Lignocellulose Fractionation Provides Unique Lignin Oligomers for the Design of Tunable Polyurethane Bioresins.